Danger Of Ignoring Validity In Research Assignment - 550 Words

Danger Of Ignoring Validity In Research Assignment (Research Paper Sample) Content: The validity of a research determines how well a research study is done. Validity of a research can be categorized into internal validity, external validity, statistical conclusion and construct validity. (Polit Beck, 2017). Internal validity of a research is the degree to which the outcomes of a research depend on the independent variable. It is achieved when the effect of the dependent variable is only due to the independent variables.Study chosen and analysisThe study by Metheny, Davis-Jackson, Stewart, uses a quasi-experimental design on two groups to determine the frequency of pneumonia and aspiration on patients confined in Intensive Care Units receiving tube feeding and who were ventilated mechanically. Metheny, Davis-Jackson, Stewart, 2010)In this study, the threats to internal validity exist. The selection of patients is non-randomized and the patients selected are not of a similar prognosis. The inclusion criteria are limited to patients under mechanica l ventilation with feeding tubes present. Similarly, the selection of different sample sizes in the two groups, 329 for the care group and 145 for the ARRP group affects internal validity. The study gap existing in the research between the two groups pose a threat to its validity due to the advancement in medicine and technology over the years. Instrumentation threat exists in the study due to the use of instruments in measuring gastric content aspiration. Use of the same instruments could lead to increased resistance or reduce the subject's sensitivity to tests.Strengthening Validity of a research studyStrengthening the validity of the research could be achieved by limiting the ages during the inclusion of subjects. The selection process should be randomized and the sample size should be a representation of the population. (Polit Beck, 2017). These interventions will strengthen construct validity. Statistical conclusion validity in the study could be strengthened by the use of test instruments that have been proved to produce consistent results. For the outcomes to represent and apply to a larger population, a sample size should be larger and more varied. An appropriate sample size strengthens the external validity of a research. (Macnee McCabe, 2008)....

Business Analysis Web Design And Computer Programming

Assignment 1: Business Analysis Provide a brief description of an organization where you currently work, would like to work, or one in which you have an interest that you have chosen for this assignment. Technological innovations are providing new means of developing, sourcing, managing, and delivering applications and services. Businesses are more in need to find technological solutions to aid their achievement of long-term financial sustainability as the economy has become more global. The dynamic transformation of computers being able to communicate with each other has brought out a revolution which affects every industry within the economy. Skills in web design and computer programming are in demand by businesses allowing opportunities for one to grow. Not every company has a department in place capable of creating the necessary tools to have an online presence to bring in more customers. Hashrocket is a web development company which is based in Jacksonville Beach, Florida (Zitron, 2015). They maintain hig h standards by practicing pair programming techniques; a collaborative style which one programmer is the driver and types the code, while, the other is an observer which checks code for correctness as it is typed (Cockburn Williams, 2001). The firm mainly develops with Ruby on Rails (RoR) and provides services to businesses which do not have the resources or knowledge to do projects in house. Assess three (3) factors, either economic, social, or both,Show MoreRelatedApplication for Master Degree in Theory and Computational Science955 Words   |  4 PagesIn this ever changing world of computers, where computer systems grow more efficient, intelligent and complex, I find the in-depth study of computing concepts not only appealing but also indispensable. As I move ahead in the future, I strongly desire for a program that would help me build a comprehensive foundation in the field of Computer Science. Within this field, I have developed a deep interest in the area of Theory and Computational Science. More specifically I find algorithms and theory ofRead MoreWeb Design Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesOverview Web development can be used in different websites like to building, creating, and maintaining. Many aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management are listed under web development. web developer and web designer terms are often similar in using, they do not mean the same thing. A web designer dealing with designs website interfaces using HTML and CSS. A web developer could be used in designing a website. However, it could be used to write web scriptsRead MoreQuestions On Information And Programming1638 Words   |  7 Pageslike Middleware is a general term for programming that serves to paste together discrete, regularly mind boggling and as of now existing, programs. Some product parts that are as often as possible associated with middleware incorporate venture applications and Web administrations. (b)Compare and differentiate the definition you found with the definition in the course message/slides Definition from Internet: Middleware is a general term for programming that serves to paste together independentRead MoreWhat Is Careprn Business?934 Words   |  4 Pageswell-designed website can certainly lead to increased business. By following simple guide-lines, it is possible to create a good-looking website that will really give CarePRN business the best chance of being noticed. 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What is information systems analysis and design? Complex organization process, used to develop and maintain computer-based information systems, also it’s used by a team of business and systems professionals. 2. How has a systems analysis and design changed over the past four decades? 1950s: focus on efficient automation of existing processes 1960s: advent of 3gl, faster and more reliable computers 1970s: system development becomes more like an engineering discipline 1980s:Read MoreStatement of Purpose for Software Skills1151 Words   |  5 Pageswonders from imagination. I am, an undergraduate in Computer Science, from a village in Kerala, India. My story of affection to work with computer and software started from my childhood. The complexities and the wonders inside a computer box attracted me towards it. There is a specific reason to say so. When I kid, I participated in a drawing competition sponsored by a detergent company to do a painting on life ambition. The magic of computer that deceived my thoughts was too strong, so that I couldn’tRead MoreThe Role of System Analyst1542 Words   |  7 Pageslast decade has seen technologies and tools like the World Wide Web and object oriented analysis rapidly change the very nature of system development â€Å" 1. Developments in Information Technologies (IT) have been one of the major underlying forces that have contributed to the reshaping and reinvestigation of the knowledge and skills for the system developer mainly the system analyst. Factors such as rapid technology changes, business and organizational demand, information centric economy and up-to-dateRead MoreTraining Process in Sas1207 Words   |  5 Pageshands-on computer workshops, and course notes that result in the best learning experience possible. In addition, we will provide a copy of the course notes to each attendee. Data Manager * SAS Programming Introduction: Basic Concepts INTRO * SAS Programming 1: Essentials PRG1 * SAS Programming 2: Data Manipulation Techniques PRG2 * SAS Programming 3: Advanced Techniques and Efficiencies PRG3 * Querying and Reporting Using SAS Enterprise Guide EGQR4 * SAS Programming for SASRead MoreA Brief Note On Information And Communications Technology Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication of computers and internet to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications. Business/IT was one

King Sejong the Great of Korea, Scholar and Leader

Sejong the Great (May 7, 1397–April 8, 1450) was king of Korea during the Choson Kingdom (1392–1910). A progressive, scholarly leader, Sejong promoted literacy and was best known for developing a new form of writing to allow Koreans to communicate more effectively. Fast Facts: Sejong the Great Known For: Korean king and scholarAlso Known As:  Yi Do, Grand Prince Chungnyeong  Born: May 7, 1397 in Hanseong,  Kingdom of JoseonParents:  King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong of JoseonDied: April 8, 1450 in Hanseong,  JoseonSpouse(s): Soheon of the Shim clan, and three Royal Noble Consorts, Consort Hye, Consort Yeong, and Consort ShinChildren: Munjong of Joseon, Sejo of Joseon, Geumseong, Jeongso, Jeongjong of Joseon, Grand Prince Anpyeong, Gwangpyeong, Imyeong, Yeongeung, Princess Jung-Ui, Grand Prince Pyeongwon, Prince Hannam, Yi Yeong, Princess Jeonghyeon, Princess JeonganNotable Quote: If the people prosper, how can the king not prosper with them? And if the people do not prosper, how may the king prosper without them? Early Life Sejong was born under the name Yi Do to King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong of Joseon on May 7, 1397. The third of the royal couples four sons, Sejong impressed all of his family with his wisdom and curiosity. According to Confucian principles, the eldest son—named Prince Yangnyeong—should have been the heir to the Joseon throne. However, his behavior at court was rude and aberrant. Some sources claim that Yangnyeong behaved this way purposefully because he believed that Sejong should be king in his place. The second brother, Prince Hyoryeong, also removed himself from the succession by becoming a Buddhist monk. When Sejong was 12 years old, his father named him Grand Prince Chungnyeong. Ten years later, King Taejong would abdicate the throne in favor of Prince Chungnyeong, who took the throne name King Sejong. Background to Sejongs Succession to the Throne Sejongs grandfather King Taejo overthrew the Goryeo Kingdom in 1392 and founded Joseon. He was assisted in the coup detat by his fifth son Yi Bang-won (later King Taejong), who expected to be rewarded with the title of crown prince. However, a court scholar who hated and feared the militaristic and hot-headed fifth son convinced King Taejo to choose his eighth son, Yi Bang-seok, as successor instead. In 1398 while King Taejo was mourning the loss of his wife, the scholar hatched a conspiracy to kill off all of the kings sons besides the crown prince in order to secure Yi Bang-seoks position (and his own). Hearing rumors of the plot, Yi Bang-won raised his army and attacked the capital, killing two of his brothers as well as the scheming scholar. The grieving King Taejo was horrified that his sons were turning on each other in what became known as the First Strife of Princes, so he named his second son, Yi Bang-gwa, as the heir apparent and then abdicated the throne in 1398. Yi Bang-gwa became King Jeongjong, the second Joseon ruler. In 1400, the Second Strife of Princes broke out when Yi Bang-won and his brother Yi Bang-gan began to fight. Yi Bang-won prevailed, exiled his brother and his family, and executed his brothers supporters. As a result, the weak King Jeongjong abdicated after ruling for just two years in favor of Yi Bang-won, Sejongs father. As king, Taejong continued his ruthless policies. He executed a number of his own supporters if they became too powerful, including all of his wife Wong-gyeongs brothers, as well as Prince Chungnyeongs (later King Sejongs) father-in-law and brothers-in-law. It seems likely that his experience with princely strife and his willingness to execute troublesome family members helped encourage his first two sons to step aside without a murmur and allow King Taejongs third and favorite son to become King Sejong. Sejongs Military Developments King Taejong had always been an effective military strategist and leader and continued to guide Joseon military planning for the first four years of Sejongs reign. Sejong was a quick study and also loved science and technology, so he introduced a number of organizational and technological improvements to his kingdoms military forces. Although gunpowder had been used for centuries in Korea, its employment in advanced weaponry expanded markedly under Sejong. He supported the development of new types of cannons and mortars, as well as rocket-like fire arrows that functioned in a similar way to modern rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). Gihae Eastern Expedition Just one year into his reign in May 1419, King Sejong dispatched the Gihae Eastern Expedition to the seas off Koreas east coast. This military force set out to confront the Japanese pirates, or wako, who operated out of Tsushima Island while harrying shipping, stealing trade goods, and kidnapping Korean and Chinese subjects. By September of that year, the Korean troops had defeated the pirates, killing nearly 150 of them, and rescuing almost 150 Chinese kidnap victims and eight Koreans. This expedition would bear important fruit later in Sejongs reign. In 1443, the daimyo of Tsushima pledged obedience to the King of Joseon Korea in the Treaty of Gyehae in exchange for what he received as preferential trading rights with the Korean mainland. Marriage, Consorts, and Children King Sejongs queen was Soheon of the Shim clan, with whom he eventually would have a total of eight sons and two daughters. He also had three Royal Noble Consorts, Consort Hye, Consort Yeong, and Consort Shin, who bore him three, one, and six sons, respectively. In addition, Sejong had seven lesser consorts who had the misfortune of never producing sons. Nevertheless, the presence of 18 princes representing different clans on their mothers sides ensured that in the future, the succession would be contentious. As a Confucian scholar, though, King Sejong followed protocol and named his sickly eldest son Munjong as Crown Prince. Sejongs Achievements in Science, Literature, and Policy King Sejong delighted in science and technology and supported a number of inventions or refinements of previous technologies. For example, he encouraged the improvement of a moveable metal type for printing first used in Korea by 1234, at least 215 years before Johannes Gutenberg introduced his groundbreaking printing press, as well as the development of the sturdier mulberry-fiber paper. These measures made better-quality books much more widely available among educated Koreans. Books that Sejong sponsored included a history of the Goryeo Kingdom, a compilation of filial deeds (model actions for followers of Confucius to emulate), farming guides meant to help farmers improve production, and others. Other scientific devices sponsored by King Sejong included the first rain gauge, sundials, unusually accurate water clocks, and maps of the stars and celestial globes. He also took an interest in music, devising an elegant notation system for representing Korean and Chinese music, and encouraging instrument-makers to improve the designs of various musical instruments. In 1420, King Sejong established an academy of 20 top Confucian scholars to advise him called the Hall of Worthies. The scholars studied the ancient laws and rites of China and previous Korean dynasties, compiled historical texts, and lectured the king and crown prince on Confucian classics. In addition, Sejong ordered one top scholar to comb the country for intellectually talented young men who would be given a stipend to retreat for one year from their work. The young scholars were sent to a mountain temple, where they read books on a vast array of subjects that included astronomy, medicine, geography, history, the art of war, and religion. Many of the Worthies objected to this expansive menu of options, believing that a study of Confucian thought was sufficient, but Sejong preferred to have a scholar class with a wide range of knowledge. To aid the common people, Sejong established a grain surplus of approximately 5 million bushels of rice. In times of drought or flood, this grain was available to feed and support poor farming families to help prevent famine. Invention of Hangul, the Korean Script King Sejong is best remembered for the invention of hangul, the Korean alphabet. In 1443, Sejong and eight advisers developed an alphabetic system to accurately represent Korean language sounds and sentence structure. They came up with a simple system of 14 consonants and 10 vowels, which can be arranged in clusters to create all of the sounds in spoken Korean. King Sejong announced the creation of this alphabet in 1446 and encouraged all of his subjects to learn and use it: The sounds of our language differ from those of Chinese and are not easily communicated by using Chinese graphs. Many among the ignorant, therefore, though they wish to express their sentiments in writing, have been unable to communicate. Considering this situation with compassion, I have newly devised twenty-eight letters. I wish only that the people will learn them easily and use them conveniently in their daily life. Initially, King Sejong faced a backlash from the scholar elite, who felt the new system was vulgar (and who likely did not want women and peasants to be literate). However, hangul quickly spread among segments of the population that previously did not have access to enough education to learn the complicated Chinese writing system. Early texts claim that a clever person can learn Hangul in a few hours, while someone with a lower IQ can master it in 10 days. It is certainly one of the most logical and straightforward writing systems on Earth—a true gift from King Sejong to his subjects and their descendants, down to the present day. Death King Sejongs health began to decline even as his accomplishments mounted. Suffering from diabetes and other health problems, Sejong became blind around the age of 50. He passed away on May 18, 1450, at the age of 53. Legacy As King Sejong predicted, his eldest son and successor Munjong did not survive him by much. After just two years on the throne, Munjong died in May 1452, leaving his 12-year-old first son Danjong to rule. Two scholar-officials served as regents for the child. This first Joseon experiment in Confucian-style primogeniture did not last long, however. In 1453, Danjongs uncle, King Sejongs second son Sejo, had the two regents murdered and seized power. Two years later, Sejo formally forced Danjong to abdicate and claimed the throne for himself. Six court officials formed a plan to restore Danjong to power in 1456; Sejo discovered the scheme, executed the officials, and ordered his 16-year-old nephew burned to death so that he could not serve as a figurehead for future challenges to Sejos title. Despite the dynastic mess that resulted from King Sejongs death, he is remembered as the wisest and most capable ruler in Korean history. His accomplishments in science, political theory, military arts, and literature mark Sejong as one of the most innovative kings in Asia or the world. As shown by his sponsorship of Hangul and his establishment of the food reserve, King Sejong truly cared about his subjects. Today, the king is remembered as Sejong the Great, one of only two Korean kings honored with that appellation. The other is Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo, r. 391–413. Sejongs face appears on the largest denomination of South Koreas currency, the 10,000 won bill. His military legacy also lives on in the King Sejong the Great class of guided missile destroyers, first launched by the South Korean Navy in 2007. In addition, the king is the subject of the 2008 Korean television drama series Daewang Sejong, or King Sejong the Great. Actor Kim Sang-kyung portryed the king. Sources Kang, Jae-eun. The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa Sekey Books, 2006.Kim, Chun-gil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2005.King Sejong the Great and the Golden Age of Korea. Asia Society.Lee, Peter H. William De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition: From Early Times through the Sixteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide A Patient s Choice

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: A patient s choice in their type of death. When a patient is terminally ill or is experiencing extreme pain, often Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide can both be plausible options to end any suffering. Euthanasia is currently legalized in seven countries and parts of the United States (New Health Guide). This number is not likely to increase soon because of the high controversy, which is due to the very serious topic of this matter: a person s life. The general process of these medical methods is usually understood as a doctor somehow deliberately causing the death of a patient or helping with their suicide. Many believe that it is unethical and violates laws, oaths, and more. Though people believe this, it is truly unethical to not give a person a choice in the manner in which they will perish. The exact definitions of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide are often not clear because of the multiple different interpretations of the words. According to Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist, Euthanasia is the killing of a patient, by the doctor, who is unable to communicate without the patient s consent(Health and Wellness). His definition of Assisted Suicide is â€Å"when you are not terminally ill, but you request help in dying† (Health and Wellness). A more commonly accepted and known interpretation for Euthanasia is â€Å"the killing of someone who is very ill to end the person’s suffering†, and Assisted Suicide is more well known as â€Å"the act ofShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1536 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Murder â€Å"Euthanasia, also [known as] mercy killing, [is the] practice of ending another’s life with the aim of enabling the person to avoid severe suffering, typically from a terminal illness† (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Furthermore, a study conducted in Washington State revealed that most of the participants who requested euthanasia had the diagnosis of cancer, neurological disease, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Back et al. 919). This study also uncovered that â€Å"the patient concerns most oftenRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia1483 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia is a long smooth-sounding word, and it conceals its danger as long, smooth-sounding words do, but the danger is there, nevertheless. As Pearl S. Buck explained through this quote, Euthanasia and medically assisted suicide to present a real danger. Although society refuses to see these dangers, euthanasia creates countless problems that shake society. Euthanasia remains a conditional based issue; therefore, the laws created rely on weak ideas that allow for easy manipulation, asRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Physician Assisted Suicide1566 Words   |  7 Pagesis inescapable, it s simply a question of when? You ve said your farewells. Presently in the event that you had the opportunity to pick how your life finished, how would you choose it? In physician assisted suicide, the option to end a patient’s life is provided to a patient with knowledge of the patient s intention. Unlike euthanasia, in physician assisted suicide, physicians makes death accessible, but does not specifically regulate the death (Broeckaert 1). Euthanasia is putting someone toRead MoreWhat Actually Is Physician Assisted Suicide?1390 Words   |  6 PagesWhat actually is Physician-Assisted Suicide? In the discussion of Physician-Assisted Suicide you have to make sure that you use the right terminology and make sure that it is clear. Some of the greatest dangers of facing chronic and terminally ill patients are a grey area regarding PAS. There is a strict process to practice PAS. Despite the stringencies, the Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs (1992) found that 28% of PAS cases in the Netherlands did not meet the specific criteria. The evidenceRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas Of Euthanasia Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethical Dilemmas of Euthanasia in Canada with the Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide This systematic analysis of the professional literature will explore the ethical dilemmas that Canadian medical professionals face while considering euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, the latter of which was made legal in Canada on June 17, 2016 (Chochinov and Frazee, 2016). This paper will discusses the conflicts that healthcare professionals are faced with when looking at the quality of lifeRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia911 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted suicide brings a debate that involves professional, legal and ethical issues about the value of the liberty versus the value of life. However, before conceive an opinion about this topic is necessary know deeply its concept. Assisted suicide is known as the act of ending with the life of a terminal illness patients for end with their insupportable pain. Unlike euthanasia, the decision is not made by the doctor and their families, but by the patient. Therefore, doctors should be able to assistRead MoreEuth anasia Is Painless Killing Of A Patient1435 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma, also means to take a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering. Some interpret as the practice of ending life in a mercy killing, assisted suicide, and soft slow suicide. There are two main classifications of euthanasia. There is Voluntary euthanasia which is conducted with consent. Where the patient decides for themselves toRead MoreThe Death Of Assisted Suicide861 Words   |  4 Pagessuch shift in people s concept and comprehension, in recent years there arises a series of physician assisted suicide cases throughout the world. Assisted suicide means the deliberate hastening of death by a terminally ill patient with assistance from a doctor, family member or another individual. In contemporary world, there has been a continuingly heated debate on this highly controversial issue, especially whether or not for legislative bans. So far doctor-assisted suicide is still illegal in mostRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pages The Oxford English Dictionary states that euthanasia is a gentle and easy death (Oxford English Dictionary). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, active euthanasia is the ending of a terminally ill person s life by direct intervention, such as administering a lethal dose of painkilling drug (Oxford English Dictionary). While passive euthanasia according to the Oxford English Dictionary is the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment in the knowledge that the personRead MoreThe Death With Dignity Law1353 Words   |  6 Pagesill patients. Euthanasia should be available everywhere in the United States for chronically ill patients because, people choose how they live, so terminally ill patients should be able to choose how they die. Euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, and more loosely termed mercy killing, means to take a conscious, intended action, with the end result of ending a life to relieve terminally ill patients of their persistent, chronic, suffering ( Nordqvist). According to Stedman s medical

Descartes and the Real Distinction Essay - 1809 Words

Descartes formulation of what he calls the â€Å"Real Distinction† has proved foundational to our modern concepts of being and consciousness. His contention has irreversibly influenced the fields of psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and others while cementing into the popular consciousness the notion of a definite dichotomy between the mind and the body. In this paper, I will flesh out what Descartes meant by the term â€Å"real distinction,† discuss the arguments he uses in its defense, and then argue myself that this distinction between mind and body (at least as Descartes frames it) goes much too far, and that it is a much more viable probability to believe that mind and body are actually intertwined, one and the same. Descartes†¦show more content†¦This argument requires the knowledge first that God exists, and second that It is not a deceiver; only by first knowing these two things can Descartes be sure that those things which he clearly and distinctly perceives are actually true. From here, Descartes asserts that if something can be clearly and distinctly understood without recourse to another thing, then the two can be considered to be different and separable. For example, both a lemon and a lime can be conceived of without reliance on the other, despite their relation; I can clearly and distinctly understand a lemon without having to think about a lime, so therefore there are two objects: the lemon and the lime. However, the same does not hold for a lemon and sour; I cannot clearly and distinctly understand a lemon without sour, so these cannot be considered to be two different objects. Descartes utilizes this process to show that the mind is distinct from the body. As a previously-es tablished â€Å"thinking thing,† he realizes that since he can understand himself without having to consult the body or senses (as he has avoided throughout the Meditations), then the body must be a distinct object. Yet, Descartes seems hesitant to separate the two completely, as he denies the naturally-following notion that the mindShow MoreRelatedDescartes’ Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind and Body1154 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes’ Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind and Body Descartes argues has three main arguments for minds and bodies being two different distinct types of substance. These are known as arguments for substance dualism and are as follows. * The Argument from doubt : Descartes argues that while he could pretend or think that he had no body and therefore did not exist in any place, he could not think or pretend he had no mind, as merely having aRead MoreHow Successful Are Descartes Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind from Body?1659 Words   |  7 PagesHow successful are Descartes arguments for the real distinction of mind from body? Upon which problem would you put the most weight? Descartes says the mind is distinct from the body, or anything physical for that matter. He says, a thinking substance is nonphysical or spiritual in nature (mind), and an extended substance is physical, but not capable of consciousness or thought (body). However, this very claim is also his biggest problem as his mind Ââ€" body interaction has many critics and toRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 PagesSection 6 Matthew Shields Word Count: 10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument failsRead MoreRene Descartes: Cartesian Dualism Essay example1625 Words   |  7 Pageslasting legacies of Rene Descartes’ philosophy. He argues that the mind and body operate as separate entities able to exist without one another. That is, the mind is a thinking, non-extended entity and the body is non-thinking and extended. His belief elicited a debate over the nature of the mind and body that has spanned centuries, a debate that is still vociferously argued today. In this essay, I will try and tackle Descartes claim and come to some conclusion as to whether Descartes is correct to sayRead MoreDescartes and Hume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes was a skeptic, and thus he believed that in order for something to be considered a true piece of knowledge, that â€Å"knowledge must have a certain stability,† (Cottingham 21). In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes concludes that in order to achieve this stability, he must start at the foundations for all of his opinions and find the basis of doubt in each of them. David Hume, however, holds a different position on skepticism in his work An Enquiry concerning Human UnderstandingRead MoreDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Knowledge is Truth With the emergence of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, views of society and nature were transformed throughout Europe. There were great developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. The world and its views were changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of things by searching for a fundamentalRead MoreCompare and contrast the significance for psychology of Descartes and Kant1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe significance for psychology of Descartes and Kant Descartes and Kant, both of them are famous philosophers and they are well known for their contributions to philosophy. At the same time, they have great influence on the development of psychology. I am going to compare their significance of psychology. By observing some mechanical things, Descartes had an idea that human and animal work like automata. (Klein, 1970) This idea became a basic concept of Descartes’ theories of the brain and visualRead MoreHow Does Descartes Argue That Mind And Body Are Distinct?986 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: How does Descartes argue that mind and body are distinct? Is he right? Am I real, or imaginary? In the First Meditation, Rene Descartes presents the main falsehoods in which he believed during his life, and the subsequent faultiness he experienced concerning the body of knowledge. The philosopher considers that it is never too late to rethink the knowledge about his personal being from the very foundations, and builds his thoughts on a certain ground starting from common things. It would beRead MoreDescartes’ Mind and Body Distinction817 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes’ Mind/Body Distinction This paper will attempt to explain Descartes’ first argument for the distinction that exists between mind and body. Dualism is a necessary aspect of Descartes’ metaphysics and epistemology. This distinction is important within the larger framework of Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) because after doubting everything (body, extension, senses, etc.), Descartes comes to the conclusion that because he doubts, he must be a thinking thing and therefore exist (p.43)Read MoreRene Descartes And John Locke997 Words   |  4 PagesRene Descartes and John Locke each produced pieces of philosophical responses to the questions posed in epistemology which resulted with very different answers. Descartes relied on God and the mind as the only reliable and trustworthy sources to prove the existence of things other than ourselves. Locke, in contrast, made arguments for the existence of things in the external world via our innate ability to recognize and process sensations that are derived from subjects that exist in the material world

Approaches of OM Free Essays

Approaches of OM  :Within the past fifteen years or so there has been much studies about the theoretical status of discourse markers (DMS) focusing on what they are ,what they mean and what functions they manifest. Fraser (1999) maintains that teseachers have agreed that DMS are lexical expressions that relate discourse segments , but they have disagreed on how they are defined and what functions they carry. Similar to this view, shourup (1999) argues that there is disagreement on functions on fundamental issues in the study of DMS. We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches of OM or any similar topic only for you Order Now researchers are unable to agree on the grammatical category of DMS or how to delimit their class or even what types of meaning these markers express. In order to understand more about DMS in language it is necessary to refer to tow approaches of DMS  :The reliance theory and coherence teased approach1/coherence based approach:Within coherence theory it is assumed DMS play a major role in dis course interpretation by using â€Å"coherence † relations between discourse units. As shourup (1999,p.240) argues that the interpretation of a text, according to the coherence group. Depends on the identification of coherence relations between the units of that text . this group includes researchers who adopt a coherence-based theory. The main figures of this group are Schifrin (1987). Fraser (1988-1990) and redeker (1990-1991).Schifrin (1987) studies the semantic and grammatical status of DMS and their functions . since she belongs to the coherence group, Schifrin states that DMS contribute to the coherence of the text by establishing coherence relationships between units of talk Schifrin (1987,b.9). He adds that DMS indicate that the interpretation of one clause is determined by the information derived from the prior clause .Schifrin proposes that DMS have a coherence role in the sense that they relate informational units in the present discourse with informational units in the prior discourse , this is what Schifrin calls local coherence in her framework; which means that it is local in the sense that DMS link two adjacent units in the text. She states that DMS have both cohesive and structural roles ; structural because they link two (or more) syntactic units, and also cohesive because the interpretation of the utterance depends on the combination of both conjuncts. It can be summarized that Schifrin concentrates on the linguistic and structural role that DMS play to achieve discourse coherence by linking discourse units The second figure of coherence-based theory is Fraser(1999). Similarly to Schifrin, Fraser maintains that DMS contribute to the coherence of a text by indicating coherence relationships between units of talk however, Fraser(1999,938) indicates that DMS do not have to signal any relationship between segment 2 and segment 1 (adjacent segments of talk ).A discourse marker can relate the segment it introduces with any other previous segment in discourse .And this is known as ‘global coherence ,it is contrasted to Schifrin’s local coherence . Fraser’s (1997-1999) account focuses on pragmatic functions of DMS ;he calls them â€Å"pragmatic markers†. Fraser define DMS in his proposal as they are linguistic element that encode clues which signal the speaker potential communicative intention .2/ Relevance-based account:Sperber and Wilson (1986,1995) have developed the relevance theory. It is a pragmatic model that explain how speakers interpret utterances. It based on cognitive ability of the hearer to interpret the utterance rather the linguistic one. The relevance theory suggests that the mind’s central processor is highly effective in holding the information because it is specifically oriented towards the search for relevance (as cited in the use of discourse markers in E.F.L learners writing by ana cristina laluerta Martinez university of Oviedo). The principle of relevance determines that all utterances are ruled by the level of optimal relevance .that is to say ,when a speaker calls a hearer’s attention to the utterance . He is claiming that his utterance is relevant enough to deserve the hearer’s attention. To discuss deeply the relation between relevance theory and discourse markers , Blakemore should be present Blakemore (1987) argument is that DMS play a crucial role in the interpretation of utterance by providing the hearer/reader with some guidance in the inferential phase to reach the optimal relevance. According to Blakemore (1987), connectives contribute to the interpretation process. Usually a speaker/writer has a specific interpretation of his utterance and to guide the hearer/reader to reach the right interpretation DMS are so important .They provide the specification of certain properties of the context and the contextual effects .The level of optimal relevance means that the larger contextual effect the smaller cognitive effort . generally the hearer stores a number of assumption in his memory ,and these assumptions can interact with the new information conveyed by the speaker , which come up with three results ; a new assumption or the contradiction , and even elimination , of an assumption Blakemore (1992;p.135). This the speakers/writer can help the hearer by reducing the cognitive effort. As Blakemore (1992;p.176) â€Å"a speaker may use the linguistic from of his utterance to guide the interpretation process†. Similar features of discourse markers:Despite the large disagreement about the definition and the classification of discourse markers ,There are some basic characteristic and features shared by discourse markers have been identified in DMS studies. Schourup (1999) argues, â€Å"to identify a small sent of characteristic most commonly attributes to discourse markers and to items referred to by other closely associated terms†. He realizes the most common features in these expressions from some studies in the discourse markers. These features are â€Å"multi-categoriality, connectivity, mon-truth conditionality, weak clause association, initiality, and optionality†a-multi- categoriality : It is viewed that discourse markers constitute a functional category that is heterogeneous with respect to the syntactic class (as cited in (similar features). Because items that are usually included in DMS are not structurally unified. They are derived from a variety of grammatical sources. Schourup (1999,p.134) distinguishes in wich DM function has been a attributed whether words like: adverbs (eg, now actually, anyway), coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g, and, but, because). Interjections (e.g, oh, gosh, boy) verbs (e.g, say, look, see) or it can includes clauses (e.g, you see, I mean, you know). The fact that DMS are drown from different word classes makes them difficult to define them structurally. And that means they have identical counterparts that are not used as markers. Kohlani (2010,p39) points out that despite the great dispute regarding â€Å"the coexistence of two structurally identical items that function differently in discourse†, they do not overlap in discourse :When an expression functions as a discourse markers ,it does not express the propositional meaning of, its identical counterparts. As cites in janina buintkiene (2015)b- connectivity :connectivity is a common point shared by many studies concerning the DMS. They agree that DMS connect utterances or other discourse unites. However, there is a great disagreement about the nature of the connection discourse markers express and the nature and extent of the element connected ,as Schourup ( 1999,p20)point out. Thus connectivity is conceived differently due to the way discourse is viewed. In coherence-based studies, like Schifrin (1987) and Fraser (1999) defined DMS as connectives which relate two textual units by marking the relationships between them; they contribute to inter-utterance coherence. For coherence-based studies DMS have an important role in connecting one segment of text to another. In relevance-based studies, DMS do not connect one segment of text to another but they provide the hearer/reader with the right interpretation of the segment they introduce. Blakemore (1987) noted that DMS can play the role of connecting the host utterance not only the linguistic co-text but also to the context in a wider sense. For within relevance theory, discourse markers are viewed as expressing â€Å"inferential connections† that constrain the â€Å"cognitive processes† underlying the interpretation of the segment they introduce (Blakemore(2002,p.5).similar to this view, shourup (1999,p.230-232)states that DMS do not connect one segment of text to another. Rather they connect the â€Å"propositional content† expressed by their host sentence â€Å"to assumptions that are expressed by context†. He concludes that if connectivity is criterial for DM status, it can be used to distinguish DMS from various other initial element such as illocutionary adverbials (e.g, confidentially), attitudinal adverbials (e.g, sadly) and from primary interjections (e.g, oops). c/ nontruth-conditionality: nontruth-conditionality is also a feature that most researchers attribute to discourse markers. Saying that DMS are nontruth-conditional means that they bring no meaning or condition to the sentence. As Schourup (1999,p.232) claims that DMS are generally thought to contribute nothing to the truth-conditions of the proposition expressed by an utterance. Fraser (1996) also claimed that DMS do not influence the truth-conditions of sentences; he approved the idea that truth-conditions pertain to mental representations not to sentences. Accordingly ,for many researchers discourse markers are nontruth-conditional means that DMS are part of the pragmatic component of the sentence. Ostman (1995,p.98) argues that their â€Å"primary task in language is not related to the propositional aspect of sentences, but to the pragmatic functioning of language†. Moreover, Blakemore (2002) points out that pragmatic is defined as â€Å"meaning minus truth conditions†. She argues that pragmatic information which is not part of the truth conditional content â€Å"cannot be obtained through decoding linguistic forms†. As a conclusion, DMS are non-propositional expressions means that they are not part of propositional meaning of the sentence moreover; this does not mean they do not effect this meaning. DMS are not important in the propositional structure, but they do effect the propositional meaning. As Andersen (2001) argues that the meaning of the sentence is â€Å"not handled solely by the words contained in the utterance† rather is conveyed by † complex semantic and pragmatic processes†, as cited by kohlan (2010).d/ weak clause association:another characteristic of discourse markers that has been identified by Schourup (1999,p.232-234) is weak clause association. It is similar to the nontruth-conditionality feature is the sense of the detachment of DMS from their host sentence. As cited in janina buitkiene (2015), Brinton argues (1996,p.34), DMS usually occur â€Å"cither outside the syntactic structure or loosely attached to it†. DMS are regarded as being outside the propositional content and the syntactic structure of the sentence. Schourup (1999) points out that some of DMS have their syntactic structure such as on the other hand and you know (232). It is also because of their loose grammatical attachment to the structure of their host sentence, that discourse markers are after separate from the main clause by comma or independent two unit â€Å"regard Len whether they occur within the clause or at its initial† (ibid, 233). e/ initiality:IS one of the most noticeable feature of discourse markers. For some researchers. DMS occurs initially in the sentence. As Hansen (1997,p.157) points out that â€Å"markers must necessarily precede their host unit†. Similarly, Fraser (1990,p389) state â€Å"typically occur only in utterance-initial position†. The significance of the initial position as a text organizer is what makes it the most appropriate place in which discourse markers can fulfill their role in discourse. As cited in.The place of DMS is related to their function in discourse. Schourup (1999) states. â€Å"because they are used to restrict the contextual interpretation of an utterance†; he adds â€Å"it makes sense to restrict context early before interpretation can run astray† (233). Moreover, kohlani (2010.48) argues that initial position give for DMS wide scope over the whole sentence or paragraph to influence hearer or reader interpretation of everything that follows. f/ Optionality:Being optional rather than obligatory is another feature of discourse markers. Accordingly, DMS can be present or absent in the discourse. As Schifrin (1987) argues. â€Å"are never obligatory†. Moreover, Schourup (1999,p.231) states that DMS are optional in two distinct senses: â€Å"syntactically optional in the sense that removal of a DMS does not alter grammaticality of the sentences and in the further sense that they do not enlarge the possibilities for semantic relationship between the element they associate†. However, he adds. â€Å"it is never claimed that the optionality of DMS renders them useless as redundant†. This means even if DMS are regarded as syntactically and semantically optional, pragmatically are not. Supporting to this view, Brinton (1996) argues, † they are not pragmatically optional or superfluous†. Instead , they guide the hearer/reader to a particular interpretation. As Brinton (1996,p.34) argues â€Å"they reinforce or clue the interpretation intended by the speaker†. How to cite Approaches of OM, Papers

Gas Prices Essay Research Paper How does free essay sample

Gas Prices Essay, Research Paper How does that go on? I stopped in the forenoon on the manner in to work and make full up my gas armored combat vehicle for $ 1.15/gallon or approximately $ 13 a armored combat vehicle and so merely ten hours subsequently, the same gas station, the same class of gas is $ 1.10/gallon! If I had merely waited, I could hold saved adequate money to purchase a confect saloon or a can of dad for my much-needed afternoon sugar interruption! But, of class, it has worked the other manner in the yesteryear. There have been plentifulness of times when I have waited until the afternoon to halt and the monetary value all of a sudden goes up. I merely can? t win! I even started maintaining a journal of my fill-ups when I bought my new auto last May. I track the monetary value per gallon, entire sum spent, and the stat mis traveled on that armored combat vehicle. I was more interested in my stat mis per gallon, but I have noticed that in one three month clip span, gas monetary values have ranged from $ .88 to $ 1.22 per gallon at the same station. I? ve ever known that the monetary value of gasolene depended on assorted factors, but have neer spent much clip chew overing why. I know that competition with other gas Stationss in the country has something to make with it every bit good as the monetary value of the stuffs, labour costs, environmental concerns, and the ongoing conflict with Saddam Hussein and the Middle East. But what is the ONE ground gas monetary values change so much in such small clip? OPEC, an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the stableness and prosperity of the crude oil industry, supply more than 40 per centum of the universes oil, and as an organisation, is instrumental in finding gas monetary values. After its formation in 1960 with five member states: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, six other states joined to organize today? s sum of 11. Those states and the day of the months they joined are: Quatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 ) , SP Libyan AV ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , and Nigeria ( 1971 ) . OPEC? s mission is to guarantee the stabilisation of oil monetary values in international oil markets with a position to extinguish harmful and unneeded fluctuations. OPEC is besides concerned with the involvement of bring forthing states and keeping their steady income ; efficient, economic and regular supply of crude oil to devouring states ; and a just return of capital to the crude oil industry investors. Even though OPEC plays an of import function in the crude oil industry, it does non command the oil market. As stated antecedently, the 11 member states produce about 40 per centum of the universe? s petroleum oil. OPEC? s oil exports history for 60 per centum of oil traded internationally, and hence can hold a strong influence on the oil market, particularly if it decides to cut down or increase its degree of productions. The universe has seen this happen in the past, such as during the Gulf Crisis in 1990, when three million barrels of oil per twenty-four hours were all of a sudden removed from the market. OPEC seeks prosperity in the crude oil market by voluntarily bring forthing more or less oil as needed. Obviously, oil is of import and is presently the most of import beginning of energy. Although predictors predict that oil? s portion of the world-wide energy market will fall somewhat due to other signifiers of energy ( gas, coal, hydronuclear ) , oil will still rule with 37 per centum of the market. However, oil is running out. At the current rate of production, the oil militias are sufficient to last another 80 old ages. So, precisely how much oil does the universe usage if the supply will run out perchance in our life-time? As of 1996, there were 1,047,200 million barrels of proved rough oil militias. Sound like a batch? See this: the entire universe ingestion of rough oil on a individual twenty-four hours in 1996 averaged 71.7 million barrels per twenty-four hours. OPEC estimates that figure will lift to 100 million barrels per twenty-four hours by the twelvemonth 2020. Saudi Arabia has 261,444 million barrels on modesty and bring forth 8.1 million barrels per twenty-four hours, doing it the top state for both militias and production. The fact that Saudi Arabia produces 10 % of the universes oil supply is adequate for anyone to understand why we felt the injury of the Gulf Crisis. During that clip oil monetary values soared out of control as a consequence of Saudi Arabia going impermanent isolated from the remainder of the universe. Most of the statistics available are world-wide, and when one considers the U.S. statistics entirely, a more precise image of the U.S. dependance on oil, or in other words, gasolene, is portrayed. One-half of the oil used in the U.S. is imported, the highest sum in our history. 65 % to 75 % of that comes from the Middle East, and 95 % of the energy used for transit in the U.S. comes from oil, which in bend drives the market. Transportation histories for two-thirds of entire U.S. crude oil usage and about all of the gasolene and distillation fuel. OPEC does run into twice a twelvemonth to organize their oil production policies with the predicted sum of demand. Oil monetary value dazes and monetary value use by the OP EC trust from 1979 to 1991 cost the U.S. economic system about $ 4 trillion, about every bit much as we spent on national defence in the same clip period and more than the involvement payments on the national debt. Each major monetary value daze was followed by an economic recession in the United States. With the growing of U.S. imports and increasing dependance, future monetary value dazes are predicted, and seemly, ineluctable. Obviously, consumers need steady supplies of oil, and the manufacturers depend on that demand. It is a ceaseless rhythm of supply and demand. Oil manufacturers depend on the consumer, and if they receive less income from the consumer they have less ability to pass money and import goods from the consumer. Potential investors in the crude oil industry besides get concerned about the lowering of demand. If they refuse to put, we may confront a deficit of oil supply in the old ages to come and a downward spiral in the planetary economic system. However, if oil manufacturers continue to have sensible monetary values from the consumer, so the rhythm will go on as intended. Due to the crude oil industry at hand despise, it is important that other beginnings of energy Begin to be utilized. It is non uncommon to see specials on telecasting, or inserts in magazines, profiling autos that run on electric, batteries and solar power. Not merely are these options needed for their alternate power options, but besides for the environment. The U.S. authorities provinces that over 100 million Americans live in countries that failed at least one National Ambient Air Quality Standard. When a new auto is produced, it must run into federal emanations criterions. But as vehicles get older, the sum of pollution they produce additions. Hence, the innovation of the nothing emanations car. Besides, vehicles with better fuel economic system have been proven to bring forth less pollution over clip. Many car industries take this into consideration when marketing their new vehicles that may acquire 30 stat mis per gallon poetries 20. Many consumers are swayed by the fact that b uying a certain vehicle may be assisting the environment, non merely salvaging on gas money. But what does OPEC, oil production degrees in the Middle East, the U.S. dependance on gasolene, environmental concerns and new engineering have to make with the monetary value of a gallon of gas at my local gas station? And which factor is the finding one? As I found out early in my research, it is non merely ONE thing, it is a specific, and frequently variable combination. The most basic construct is that gasolene monetary values are straight reflected by the monetary value of the petroleum oil, the chief ingredient. The monetary value of rough oil in influenced by the determinations made by the manufacturers, peculiarly which monetary values they are willing to sell and the measures they are willing and able to provide. Low monetary values of rough oil can be caused by a figure of factors. By and large, it is an instability of supply and demand. If oil production rises faster than demand, so monetary values can fall and all of the oil manufacturers will endure. Consumers can besides endure if the oil industry is unprofitable and discourages investors. High monetary values of rough oil are normally due to a deficit of oil supplies. Crude oil monetary values react to the balance of supply and demand in the short term, and the rate of investing in the long term. If investing is non made far plenty in progress, oil supplies could be limited in the long te rm, therefore raising monetary values. But, possibly, the one ground that gas monetary values rise and autumn has nil to make with competition, the monetary value of rough oil, or a war in the Middle East. Gasoline, the finished merchandise that consumers purchase, if affected to a great extent by revenue enhancement. In some states, consumers pay five times the sum that was paid for the original petroleum oil. Taxes history for 70 per centum or more of the concluding monetary value of oil merchandises in some states. This enables the oil devouring states to have as much, if non more income than the oil bring forthing states. In 1996, the oil revenue enhancements in the US, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, Britain, and France accounted for $ 270 billion dollars. Consumers may hardly detect even a major alteration in the monetary value of rough oil. Even though consumers may non wish the changeless alteration in gasolene monetary values at the pump, it is of import that they are closely regulated. If gasolene is excessively expensive, than goods and services necessitating that signifier of energy become more expensive, and the economic system experiences rising prices. Alternate signifiers of energy would besides go more cost-competitive, but the oil manufacturers would finally increase their supplies and monetary values would travel back down. If gasolene is cheap, consumers would be given to blow this limited natural resource. If monetary values are excessively low, supplies would finally fall until there was a monetary value daze, taking back to rising prices. Like it or non, the inexpensive gas in the forenoon may be the most expensive on the block by the clip first-come-first-serve hr is over. 31b